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THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


AN ADDRESS 

DELIVERED AT THE 

COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES 

OF THE 

DENTAL DEPART MENT 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 

February 14, 1872. 


/ 




OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, 

PARKMAN PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY. 


M.D., 


^ BOSTON: 



PRINTED BY RAND, AVERY, & CO. 

1872. 










The Claims of Dentistry. 


We have met, under the auspices of Harvard 
University, to recognize by formal ceremonies the 
entrance of a class of students in dentistry upon 
the exercise of their profession. We give to this 
occasion the time-hallowed name of Commence¬ 
ment. Here ends the period of pupilage; here 
begins the life of applied knowledge and skill* 

“ Commencement” is not a word to conjure with, 
as it was a century ago, when it paralyzed for the 
day the commerce of the neighboring town, and 
emptied all the villages in a circle of fifty miles 
of their black-coated and white-wigged clergymen. 
It is not the grand pageant as I remember it, 
when the Governor made his entrance to the 
academic precincts with a troop of horse and a 
cavalcade of white-frocked truckmen; when the 
Common was covered with tents, as if an army 
had encamped upon it, and the trafficking and the 
revelries of Bartholomew Fair were enacted on 



4 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


the provincial scale upon the green consecrated 
to the quiet pursuits of learning. 

But this Commencement of the Dental School 
has a real significance, though it makes little show, 
and does not appeal to any vulgar interest./ It 
publishes the fact that a new pursuit has been 
assigned its place among those chosen professions 
which a fully-organized educational institution 
may fitly take in hand, and provide for teaching. 
And you may be assured, that, before our old 
university would take such a step, its governing 
boards had satisfied themselves that the time was 
fully ripe for it. The dental profession had 
achieved its success, and had won its place in 
the estimate of the intelligent public, before its 
teachers were asked to share the labors and the 
dignities which belong to the faculties of this great 
institution. 

The occasion must naturally bring together 
many who have no other special knowledge of 
dentistry than such as they have gained while 
sitting in one of those mamc chairs which fit 
alike the giant and the dwarf, which would accom¬ 
modate the visitors of Procrustes, and suit itself 
to all the transformations of Proteus. Were this 
an assemblage of dentists and dental students 
only, who would dare to open his mouth for 
speech before the members of a profession in 
whose presence kings are silent, at whose com- 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


5 


mand eloquence is struck dumb, and even the 
irresistible and irrepressible voice of woman is 
hushed into a brief interval of repose? Even 
if this first fear were overcome, a speaker might 
well hesitate to address an audience of experts, 
who know all that he is like to tell them, and a 
great deal more. But this hour does not belong 
only to our friends of the dental profession ; and 
they can bear to listen to much that is familiar to 
them for the sake of their visitors, whose knowl¬ 
edge is limited to what they have acquired after 
the manner of poets, of whom Shelley says,— 

“They learn in suffering what they teach in sons;.” 

A few generalities are all that can be attempted 
in a discourse like this; enough to give some lit¬ 
tle idea of what the dental profession has grown 
out of, and what it has grown to; a few hints to 
make us feel more keenly its importance ; a pic¬ 
ture or two of old superstitions and fancies and 
barbarisms to contrast with the enlightened knowl¬ 
edge of our own time; a brief mention of some 
of the leading modern improvements in the scien¬ 
tific and practical departments relating to the teeth; 
an explanation of the causes which have kept the 
dental profession from receiving the recognition 
it has a right to claim ; and a vindication of its 
title to the regard of the community, and to a fair 


6 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


representation of its teachings at the great seats 
of learning. I mention some of the points I shall 
touch upon rather than discuss, not under formal 
headings, and with strict adhesion to the order in 
which I have mentioned them, but as they appear 
to present themselves most naturally. 

The greatest difficulty in handling the subject 
is the extent of its literature, and the infinite 
detail of ingenuity which has gone to the bringing 
about of the perfection of its mechanical processes. 
The value of the teeth to human beings is so pro¬ 
digious, that, as soon as attention was fairly turned 
to their proper management and the methods 
of repairing their losses, inventive talent precipi¬ 
tated itself, so to speak, upon the new department 
of. human industry. There is no pearl in any 
royal crown for which a young queen would give 
one of her front incisors. And those who know 
what a perfect organ each one of the teeth is, as 
shown by the more recent revelations of minute 
anatomy, what pains Nature has taken with its 
complex organization, will not wonder at the esti¬ 
mate set upon it. 

The teeth, in their relation to the beauty of the 
human countenance, have figured in poetry from 
the earliest times. “ Thy teeth are like a flock of 
sheep that are even shorn, which came up from the 
washing; whereof every one bear twins, and none 
is barren among them,” says the imaginative au- 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


7 


thor of the “ Song of Songs/’ Their whiteness 
has been compared to that of snow, of Parian mar¬ 
ble, and of pearls, until verse is tired of the 
images. The ancient poets and satirists are full 
of allusions to the beauty and deformity depend¬ 
ing on the conditions of the teeth. The ladies 
who made it their business to please, on Bentham’s 
principle of procuring the greatest happiness of 
the greatest number, had recourse to every kind 
of artifice to disguise their defects, and commend 
their charms. Here is one of these tricks as 
given by Athenaeus, in a passage not cited by 
Duval in his large collection of classical quota¬ 
tions relating to this subject. I give a part of it 

in English • — 

“ They whose teeth are elegant force them¬ 
selves to smile even against their inclination, so 
that the beauty of their mouths may be seen by 
their visitors; but, if their smile is not so pleas¬ 
ant a sight, they hold a sprig of myrtle in their 
mouths, so that it will cover their teeth when 
they open their lips, on purpose or otherwise.” 

As for the unfortunates whose teeth were dis¬ 
colored, or had suffered some of the common 
changes that age brings about, the satirists scoffed 
at them in such coarse language, that their phrases 
are quite unbearable to modern ears. Even such 
a personal remark as that of the graceful Catullus 
would be considered inadmissible in our time: 



8 


THE CLAIMS OF. DENTISTRY. 


“ Your mouth is full of teeth half a yard long, and 
your gums are like an old wagon-box.” The first 
circumstance — the seeming inordinate length of 
the teeth — is a well-known effect of age, which 
produces a shrinking of the gums. The French¬ 
men talk of dents dechaussees, unshod teeth ; and I 
remember that Thackeray, in one of his stories, 
speaks of certain ladies, not very young ones, as 
“ long in the tooth,” among other by no means 
flattering.peculiarities. 

We have grown more civil than the Romans; 
but we know the beauty of a fine set of teeth, and 
the deformity of its opposite, as well as they did. 
It is true that men can often conceal the imper¬ 
fection of their dental arrangements by letting the 
eaves of a heavy mustache overshadow their 
mouths. But to women, to hide whose smile 
would be to take away half the sunshine of life, 
and to whom Nature has kindly refused the growth 
that would deprive us of it, there is no element 
of her wondrous beauty which can take the place 
of white, even, well-shaped teeth. And as beauty 
is not a mere plaything, but a great force, like 
gravity or electricity, the art which keeps it, mends 
it, and, to some extent, makes it, is of correspond¬ 
ing importance. 

But we must add to this the consideration, that 
speech is so largely dependent on the perfection 
of the teeth, that our language, we might almost 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY . 


9 


say, loses a letter with every tooth that falls. 
What can be more painful to witness than the 
efforts of a hapless friend to bite his consonants 
out of the alphabet when he is reduced to the 
condition of the infant, whose boneless gums are 
unfit for any task but the caressing pressure of 
the maternal mouthful! 

And then the humbler, but still necessary func¬ 
tion of mastication, — how much depends on the 
ease and perfection with which this is performed! 
You can tell the state of a village by going to the 
mill. If it has enough to grind, and grinds it 
well and cheaply, you will find good farms and 
well-fed people: so, if you see a good square jaw, 
filled with good sound teeth, and moved by a set 
of muscles that mean business, and do it, you will 
find, in all probability, that they nourish a sound 
frame in man or woman. I have never forgotten 
the complaint of poor Walter Savage Landor,— 
a sadder one than any of the Preacher’s, it seems 
to me. I quote it from memory. “ I have lost 
my mind,” he said; “ that I do not care so much 
about: but I have lost my teeth, and I cannot eat.” 
It has been my custom for many years, when lec¬ 
turing upon this part of anatomy, to bring forward 
the skull of a large turtle, in order that its jaws 
might be compared with those of the human 
being in very advanced years. The sharpened 
eds:es of the alveolar border in the old man show 

O 




IO 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


the retrograde process by which he returns to the 
quasi-embryonic condition, reminding us of that 
earlier period when he passed' through the scale 
of being, upward, to reach the supremacy of which 
age is constantly trying to deprive him. 

It is no wonder, then, that the teeth have been 
particular objects of attention from the earliest 
period. The Egyptians, who made specialties of 
every thing, had professional dentists ; and it is 
asserted that artificial teeth of ivory or wood, 
some of them on gold plates, have been found in 
the jaws of mummies. The teeth of mummies 
are said also to have been found filled with gold. 
I do not find any distinct notice of a dental pro¬ 
fession from the time of the Egyptians to that of 
Galen. You will permit me to quote, in the origi¬ 
nal, a passage which I have unearthed in one of 
his treatises, because it makes use of an adjective 
which will be found in our catalogues and diplo¬ 
mas, where it was admitted after some discus¬ 
sion : — 

“ Omnes tamen istos communi nomine medicos 
appellant, perinde ut eos, puto, qui a quibusdam 
membris, quorum praecipue curam gerunt, voci- 
tantur: hos namque ocularios, auricularios, den- 
tarios (ita dicere liceat) medicos nominant.” 

It is a long interval from Galen to the middle 
of the seventeenth century; but I have not found 
any other traces of a special dental profession 



THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. II 

until I came upon the following, which looks very 
much as if it referred to such specialists. In the 
Diary of the Rev. John Ward, vicar of Stratford 
on Avon from 1648 to 1679, — the book rendered 
famous by a reminiscence of Shakspeare, for 
which the poet would not have thanked him, — is 
the following : — 

o 

“ Uppon a signe about Fleet Bridg this is writ¬ 
ten, 

‘ Here lives Peter de la Roch and George Goslin, both 
which, and no other, are sworn operators to the King’s 
teeth.’ ” 

Whether these operators had any other calling 
than this august office does not appear. Early in 
the next century, the practice of dentistry seems to 
have been in the hands of silversmiths and jewel¬ 
lers. I think many of us can recall the name of a 
fellow-citizen, — originally, I think, a watchmaker 
— who branched off, without any special training, 
into the business of a dentist, and who acquired a 
considerable name for filling teeth with skill and 
success, taking time enough about it, and re¬ 
ceiving very handsome pay for his services. 

Dentistry as a profession may be safely said to 
have come into existence during the present cen¬ 
tury. In this country, its growth has been of won¬ 
derful rapidity. One would have thought that 
Cadmus had sown a new furrow full of teeth, and 




12 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


that they had sprung up dentists. In 1820, it has 
been computed that there were not more than a 
hundred dentists in the United States: in 1858, 
there were four thousand. I presume they have 
increased in as rapid a ratio since that time; and, 
in the mean while, works on dentistry, journals 
devoted to it, institutions for teaching it, have 
become so numerous, that it is recognized as one 
of the great callings of life. 

If we would know what we have gained by the 
elevation of dentistry into an honorable special 
branch of medical practice, we must go back 1 
to the time when ignorance, superstition, and 
bungling awkwardness, reigned over the whole 
province of art, now so fully illuminated by sci¬ 
ence, and in which such admirable mechanical 
skill has developed itself in every form to relieve 
suffering, to supply deficiencies, to add in all pos¬ 
sible ways to comfort and comeliness. 

It is simply amusing to look back two or three 
centuries, and see what men were capable of be¬ 
lieving. You will find in Ambroise Pare various 
forms of words in use in his time to cure the 
toothache. The notion that this pain was caused 
by a worm, which Shakspeare refers to, is at least 
as old as Avicenna. Strange significance w r as at¬ 
tached to an anomaly which an old friend of mine 
told me happened in his own person : I mean the 
same fact that Richard the Third boasts of, namely, 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


13 


that he was born with teeth. “ A girl was born at 
Picenum with six teeth,” says Polydore Virgil; 
“and at that time the Turks began to capture our 
towns far and wide.” But nothing quite equals 
the story of the miller’s little son, whose second 
molar on the left-hand side of the lower jaw was a 
golden one,—as good, they said, as if a goldsmith 
had made it. Some pretended having seen the 
letters CSC legibly inscribed upon it. I have 
before me a most exact statement of the facts of 
the case, authenticated by a number of eminently 
respectable personages; and I find in Haller’s 
“ Bibliotheca Anatomica ” various notices of the 
storm of controversy excited by the story of this 
Silesian boy with the golden tooth. “ What it 
portends,” says Laurence Scholtzius, “ I do not 
hesitate to declare is known to God alone.” It 
is to this most famous case that Sir Thomas 
Browne refers, when he says, speaking of the 
pretended difference of posture in which drowned 
men and women float, “ But hereof we cease to 
discourse, lest we undertake to afford a reason of 
the golden tooth ; that is, to invent or assign a 
cause when we remain unsatisfied or unassured 
of the event.” And in the margin, “ Of the cause 
whereof much dispute was made, and at last 
proved an imposture.” All this was a good while 
ago ; but I am myself old enough to remember 
several curious notions about the teeth, which 



THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


H 

had a considerable currency, and came near 
enough to being believed to be told pretty seri¬ 
ously. If one had a tooth extracted, it must be 
burned, because, if a dog got it and swallowed it, 
one would have a dog’s tooth come in its place. I 
recollect a story told me of a somewhat noted 
public character, whose smile, or other attractions, 
had made him dangerous to the sex formerly 
called the weaker one, — a personage too well 
known to the scandal of his time, — who was said 
to have had his teeth, or some of them, extracted, 
and replaced by those of a living animal, —a calf 
or a sheep. This story was told seriously ; and the 
hero of it I have seen with my own eyes, when 
a vq had disarmed him of the fatal fascinations of 

O 

his earlier days. There is a common notion 
enough, still prevalent, that some persons have a 
complete set of double teeth, as they are called, — 
a jaw full of molars. I never saw one, and I 
doubt if anybody ever did ; but the teeth of In¬ 
dians and sailors, ground down by the attrition of 
hard grains or sea-biscuit, might be mistaken for 
such a maleformation. 

It is only since the year 1835 that the anatomy 
of the teeth, out of which necessarily arose new 
views of their physiology and pathology, can be said 
to have been fairly understood. It is true that old 
Leeuwenhoeck had described the “ pipes,” as he 
called them, of the dentine so long ago as the 





THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


15 


year 1678 ; but his discoveries were so much ahead 
of his time, that they had to wait some generations, 
like the seven sleepers, before they woke up, to 
find themselves confirmed. A11 article in “ The 
British and Foreign Medical Review,” for the year 
1839, brought before the profession in England 
and America, in a connected way, and with illus¬ 
trative figures, a series of discoveries which had 
changed the whole aspect of dental anatomy. We 
owe all these discoveries, or rediscoveries, to the 
invention of the achromatic microscope, which en¬ 
ables any of us to show the student the beautiful 
intricate structure of the teeth as plainly as he can 
see the anatomy of the skeleton with the naked eye. 
You have all studied the exquisite tubular arrange¬ 
ment of the dentine ; have speculated on the nature 
of the contents of the tubes, first demonstrated 
by Owen in the elephant; have examined the 
prisms of enamel, and the stellate cells of the 
cementum ; you have seen the vascular systems of 
the pulp, and around the fang, and how they run 
into each other; the tooth is for you a delicately 
organized living structure, carrying on nutritive 
functions through the greater portion of its sub¬ 
stance, and capable, to a certain extent, of repairing 
its injuries. To those who studied Bell’s or 
Meckel’s Anatomy, who read the works of Hunter 
or Fox on the teeth, all this is a revelation which 
only those can fully appreciate who were born in 
the benighted days of dental heathenism. 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


16 


N - 

While the scientific basis of dental art has 
made these great advances in modern days, the 
practice of the art itself has undergone the most 
wonderful transformation. The work of filling 
teeth has been carried to such perfection, that not 
only is decay arrested, and a tooth which seemed 
destined to rapid destruction so repaired that it 
will last a lifetime, but, where the greater portion 
of a tooth was gone, it has been built up, so that 
the miracle of the boy of Silesia is wrought every 
day by mortal hands ; and we see a golden tooth 
in a living mouth without fearing an invasion of 
the Turks, or a war with England. I suppose 
that the improvements in this particular depart¬ 
ment of dentistry, the invention and perfecting of 
mineral teeth, their insertion on plates retained 
by atmospheric pressure, the substitution of the 
improved forceps for the clavis, and the applica¬ 
tion of anaesthesia to extraction, would be con¬ 
sidered the greatest achievements of modern 
’ dentistry. 

What a change since the time when teeth were 
allowed to decay as if they were not worth the 
gold it took to fill them ! What a change from 
the time of those ghastly rateliers , as the French 
call them, carved in ivory, and supported by 
springs that creaked with every motion of the 
jaws, like the thorough-braces of an old-fashioned 
stage-coach ! Could any thing be less inviting to 


\ 


t 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. I 7 

social intercourse ? Could any thing be more 
appalling to tender infancy than the sight.of one 
of those dancing-sets of artificial teeth, looking as 
if they were ready to jump from their owners’ 
mouths, and fasten upon one, as they used to say 
a turtle’s head would do after it was cut off? Mr. 
Greenwood of New York, you may remember, 
carved a set for the Father of his Country; and 
one can hardly fail to see how the flattened and 
compressed lips were in a perpetual struggle with 
those loose-fitting arches and rebellious spirals. 
Yet this was considered a masterpiece of dental 
workmanship; and I have no doubt that pilgrim¬ 
ages have been made to Mount Vernon by artifi¬ 
cers in that line of business, who left with a tear 
in one eye at the sight of Washington’s majestic 
countenance, and a twinkle of satisfaction in the 
other at the triumph achieved by Mr. Greenwood. 

Contrast this state of things with the manufac¬ 
ture of artificial mineral teeth as carried on in 
this country, where it has been brought to its 
greatest perfection. More than ten years ago, 
there were nine factories engaged in their fabrica¬ 
tion, and more than two million teeth were made 
in a year. To-day, I suppose they must be made 
and sold by the bushel, like the cereal grains; and, 
if the great factories required elevators to handle 
their products, it would hardly surprise us. Com¬ 
pare the delicately-tinted, exquisitely-shaped por- 
3 


18 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


celain incisors with those frightful ivory palisades 
that used to play up and down like a portcullis in 
a manner to terrify all beholders. In. fact, the 
perfection of artificial teeth is carried almost too 
far. They have come to be for the inside of the 
head what the wig was for its outside in the days 
of our ancestors. It was so much more conven¬ 
ient to have a head of hair that one could whisk 
on and off in a moment; one that never grew 
gray; one that was just the shade the owner fan¬ 
cied, that was always in curl, that could be laid 
aside in hot weather to let the cool breeze play 
over the naked scalp (a luxury which Adam never 
knew in Paradise, and coming about as near to 
“sitting in one's bones ” as is practicable while we 
are in the flesh), — all this was so much more con¬ 
venient and comfortable than the arrangement 
provided by Nature, that the wig reigned undis¬ 
puted for generations, and will, not very improba- 
blv, return to bless mankind before our children’s 
children are bald and gray. So with the artificial 
teeth of this dental millennium in which it is our 
good fortune to live. They are comely; they never 
ache; they are contented with their situation, and 
keep their place, which is more than we can say 
of most of our living servants; they undergo no 
changes in the mouth ; they admit of the nicest 
personal proprieties; they serve perfectly for articu¬ 
lation; and though one can hardly crack a peach- 



THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 




stone with them, as some can with their native 
molars, or use them for biting off the heads of 
iron nails, as used to be told of Ethan Allen, they 
can do good service in the respectable and respon¬ 
sible duties of mastication. The consequence of 
* all this is, that people are only too ready to have 
their natural teeth shelled from their gums like so 
many grains of Indian-corn from the cob, and a 
complete mouthful of artificial make inserted in 
their place. You miss your friend for a little time : 
he is in his chamber, with his jaws tied up, perus¬ 
ing “ Zimmermann on Solitude ” for a few days : 
suffering from toothache is the figurative language 
in which his condition is announced. When he 
returns to society, he has recovered his youth like 
ZEson in the hands of Medea; and his smile is a 
glittering welcome, a mineral benediction, which 
it is a joy forever to have been blest with. Think, 
again, what that preliminary process of edentation 
would have been in the days when the rustic 
patient complained that he had to pay as much 
as his neighbor, who had been dragged three 
times round the room before the tooth came out. 
There never was. a claw on bird or beast that was 
the cause of such anguish of apprehension, such 
howls of agony, as that diabolical instrument, 
looking like a vulture’s talon, but known by 
the name of the key. It was a key indeed : it 
may have opened the door of heaven to the 


20 THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 

sufferer in clue time; but, while the bolt was turn¬ 
ing, the victim thought he was in that other place, 
where the man must be who invented the instru¬ 
ment of torture. Now a patient comes in ; takes 
a few whiffs of an anaesthetic ; has a dozen or 
more teeth submitted to the embrace of the gen¬ 
tlemanly forceps, which lift them from their sock_ 
ets as one takes out the pegs of a solitaire-board, 

— say, rather, as a father lifts his first-born infant, 

— comes to ; stares about him ; asks when they are 
going to begin ; is told that it is all over; bursts 
into tears of hysteric gratitude ; kisses the smiling 
dentist; wants to hug all mankind, and make the 
human race happy at once ; sobers down presently, 
ties up his face, and takes to retirement and Zim¬ 
merman n for a season, as before mentioned. 

I have seen something, as, probably, most of us 
have, of the practical skill of dentists; but, in 
alluding to some of the more important recent 
advances of the dental profession, I was unwilling 
to trust my own fortunately limited experience, 
and have consulted my friends, Dr. Moffatt of 
this city, and Dr. McOuillen of Philadelphia, the 
late editor of the journal known as “ The Dental 
Cosmos,” both of whom have kindly favored me 
with their own independent opinions as to late 
improvements. 

The use of the mallet in filling teeth, every 
blow of which instrument is a fractional knock 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


2 I 


on the head to the patient equal to about one 
hundredth of that which a slayer of cattle gives 
to a full-grown ox to finish him, but which, being 
taken in divided doses, allows the sufferer to escape 
with life, — the use of the mallet, automatic or 
other, far from agreeable as it is, is considered a 
vast accession to the art of dentistry. Every man 
must be anvil or sledge, says Goethe; and it is 
quite plain that our friends the dentists have set¬ 
tled it so far as they and we are concerned. 

Nothing has excited my admiration more than 
the wonderful drills, moved by the foot, or any 
other power which may be preferred, finding their 
way into every corner of the mouth with a sinu¬ 
ous grace of movement such as the serpent dis¬ 
played for the fascination of our unfortunate first 
parent, and making their way into the solid den¬ 
tal substance with a rapidity from which the engi¬ 
neers of the Hoosac Tunnel might borrow a most 
significant lesson. 

The employment of sponge gold for certain pur¬ 
poses, and the use of heat to develop the cohesive 
properties of the metal, have enabled the dentist 
to perform those remarkable feats of building up 
a tooth from its ruins, to which I have before 
referred. 

The public seems hardly to appreciate the very 
great value of the cement fillings, — both the oxide 
of zinc and the gutta-percha, — either of which is 


r 



22 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


capable of preserving for long use a tooth too 
infirm to bear filling with gold. 

The use of sheet India-rubber to protect a 
tooth from moisture while being filled is another 
most valuable innovation. 

I learn that even exposed pulps may be pro¬ 
tected by artificial means, and thus a tooth saved 
as a living organ from an almost hopeless condi¬ 
tion. 

Important as are these mechanical inventions, 
the growth of dental associations, educational 
institutions and journals, mark a still more gene¬ 
ral advance of the profession. I have known 
something of the teachers of the art, of their zeal, 
their capacity, their disinterested desire for the 
elevation of their calling. I have for years been 
a frequent reader of “ The Dental Cosmos,” and I 
can bear testimony to the great intelligence with 
which it has been edited. I have found in its 
pages much information, of interest and value, 
that I have never met with elsewhere; and I have 
seen a great many medical journals with a broader 
titlepage and a vastly narrower table of contents. 
Yet this is but one of five dental journals pub¬ 
lished in the United States; and at least as many 
are published in other countries. It is from a 
living and wide-awake profession, then, that the 
new faculty is invited to share with us the honor¬ 
able task of teaching; and we cannot doubt that 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


2 3 


the community will encourage, and it may be 
hoped in due time liberally endow, the infant 
offspring of Harvard University, now cutting its 
first teeth with every promise of health and vigor. 

The picture of old age drawn in Ecclesiastes 
is wonderfully impressive, — all the more so in con¬ 
sequence of the obscurity of some of its images. 
But we all know what the Preacher means when 
he speaks of the drawing-nigh of the years when 
we shall say there is no pleasure in them, and of 
the day when the grinders shall cease because 
they are few, and those that look out of the win¬ 
dow shall be darkened. There were no dentists in 
those days to rejuvenate the old man with a third 
dentition. There were no opticians to supply his 
failing vision with the second eyes of old age. 
The aged people seem to have been in a most 
forlorn condition at a time when the men of to¬ 
day not rarely have a good deal of vitality left, 
and enjoy life, and help to make others enjoy it. 
To us who remember the late Josiah Quincy and 
Dr. James Jackson long after they were eighty 
years old, who knew something, by report, of Lord 
Lyndhurst and Lord Brougham in their later 
years, it seems strange to hear Barzillai say to King 
David, “ I am this day fourscore years old; and 
can I discern between good and evil ? can thy serv¬ 
ant taste what I eat or what I drink ? can I hear 
the voice of singing men and singing women?’ 



24 


THE CL A IMS OF DENTISTRY. 


But what would old age be to a great number 
of persons without the aid of the dentist and the 
optician ? The worn-out laboring man, unused to 
books, and with limited capacity for social inter¬ 
course, may get along well enough, perhaps, with 
his pipe, and his seat in the sunshine or by the 
fireside. Father Abraham may not have felt the 
need of spectacles: he went to bed early, no 
doubt; there was no daily newspaper to read ; and 
he did not shave. But what would become of 
the scholar, or of persons of any cultivation in 
our days, who at fifty or sixty should find them¬ 
selves cut off from reading, and, not improbably, 
rendered unpresentable, ©r at least miserably un¬ 
comfortable, in society, in consequence of imper¬ 
fect articulation ? The care of the eyes is there¬ 
fore recognized as one of the most important 
specialties in medicine, and the study of ophthal¬ 
mology has engaged some of the most distin¬ 
guished professional talent in this country as well 
as in Europe. The province of dentistry is only 
second in importance to the other domain of 
medical science and art, and rivals it in the intel¬ 
ligence and activity of those who teach and prac¬ 
tise it. In one respect, it is of greater public 

interest than the other branch : most children’s 

% 

and young persons’ teeth require positive atten¬ 
tion ; whereas their eyes, in the great majority of 
cases, take tolerable care of themselves. I think 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


25 


there are twelve times as many dentists in this 
city as there are oculists. If every one had twenty 
eyes in the early part of his life, and thirty-two 
when full grown, the numbers of oculists and den¬ 
tists might be more nearly equal. 

The branch of the medical profession to which 
this graduating class has devoted itself has 
not taken its proper position until within a com¬ 
paratively recent period ; but, in this respect, it 
has been no worse off than other branches in for¬ 
mer times, or than the entire profession at some 
periods of its history. The Romans contrived to 
live without doctors for some five hundred years: 
when they got them at last, they were slaves, — 
Greeks, for the most part, — and kept as append¬ 
ages of a great man’s establishment, as he kept 
a cook or other servant. 

The worthy vicar of Stratford on Avon, to whom 
I have before referred, gives us some very curious 
information as to the state of the medical profes¬ 
sion in England in his own time and before it. 
A few paragraphs are worth quoting: — 

“ The Saxons had their blood-letters, but under 
the Normans physick begunne in England; 300 
years agoe it was not a distinct profession by 
itself, but practisd by men in orders, witness 
Nicholas de Ternham, the chief English physitian 
and Bishop of Durham; Hugh of Evesham, a 
physician and cardinal ; Grysant physician and 
4 




26 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


pope ; John Chambers Doctor of Physick, was 
the first Bishop of Peterborough ; Paul Bush, a 
bachelor of divinitie in Oxford was well read in 
physick as well as divinitie, hee was the first 
Bishop of Bristol.” “ In King Richard the Sec¬ 
ond’s time physitians and divines were not dis¬ 
tinct professions; for one Tydeman, Bishop of 
Landaph and Worcester, was physician to King 
Richard the Second.” And again : “ Edmund, Earl 
of Derby, who dyed in Oueen Elizabeth’s days, 
was famous for chirurgerie, bonesetting and hos- 
pitalitie.” 

We may be sure that all this meant a very low 
condition of medical knowledge. And this opinion 
is confirmed by what is found in the same Diary 
a few pages farther on. 

“ Dr. Sydenham is writing a book which will 
bring physicians about his ears, to decide the use¬ 
fulness of natural philosophic, and to maintaine 
the necessitie of knowledg in anatomie in subor¬ 
dination to physick. 

“ Physick, says Sydenham, is not to be learned 
by going to Universities, but hee is for taking ap¬ 
prentices ; and says one had as good send a man 
to Oxford to learn shoemaking as practising 
physick.” 

There were other heretics besides Sydenham ; 
for, as Mr. Ward tells us, “ Some have said that 
physick is no art at all, nor worthy of the name of 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


27 


a liberall science, as Peter And. Canonherius, a 
practitioner at Rome, endeavored to prove by six¬ 
teen arguments.” 

The vicar himself practised physic, as well as 
preached, like others of his clerical brethren. We 
find from him that quarrelling and quackery were 
quite as common then as now. The university¬ 
teaching which Sydenham spoke of with such 
contempt was, of course, the book-learning of the 
time, and not the practical instruction of later 
days. Much as we have gained, the following 
words from the Diary are not so far from truth 
to-day as they might be : — 

“ There are several sorts of physitians, said one ; 
first, those that canne talk but doe nothing; 
secondly, some that can doe but not talk ; third, 
some that can both doe and talk; fourthly, some 
that can neither doe nor talk, and these get most 
monie. 

“Some doctors have a noble out of a pound of 
their apothecaries ; as Dr. Wright; many (have) a 
crowne, as an apothecarie in London told me.” 

In this last sentence, and in the fact that the 
English “ general practitioner,” so called, has 
charged, not for his advice, but for his pills and 
potions, lies the secret of that disgraceful drug¬ 
ging system which has racked the entrails of 
Englishmen from generation to generation ; which 
we inherited from the mother-country; and which 


28 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY . 


is fast giving way to those more rational views, in 
which healthy nutrition, and the skilful alleviation 
of symptoms, are taking the place of the exhaust¬ 
ing depletions and specific poisons supposed 
necessary to the cure of disease. In spite of this 
corrupting influence, English medical science and 
art asserted themselves successively in men like 
Linacre, Harvey, Sydenham, and Mead, and the 
practitioners who confined themselves to medical, 
in distinction from surgical, practice, so as to de¬ 
serve the eulogies of such personages as Dryden 
and Pope, of Johnson and Parr and Blackstone. 

But chirurgery — medical hand-work — fared 
very differently. No longer ago than when Presi¬ 
dent Holyoke, whose son, the venerable physician, 
some of us well remember, entered upon the 
duties of his office, and for years after that time, 
the London Company of Barber-Surgeons were 
holding their meetings at their hall in Monkwell 
Street; and it was not till very near the middle of 
the last century, that the surgeons were incorpo¬ 
rated as a separate body. It was about the same 
time, that is, during the reign of George the Sec¬ 
ond, that the question was discussed in open court, 
before the chief justice of England, whether a sur¬ 
geon was an “inferior tradesman,” within the mean¬ 
ing of a certain statute of William and Mary. But 
we must remember in what contempt other of the 
most useful occupations were held so long as 



THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


29 


society was enslaved by its feudal traditions. 
Traffic and agriculture were scorned by the de¬ 
scendants of the Norman robbers, until they were 
starved into better views and more civil language 
than they had inherited. 

“ The toiling tradesman and the sweating clown 
Would have his wench fair, though his bread be brown,” 

says. Michael Drayton in the poetical epistle of 
Edward Fourth to Mistress Jane Shore. And 
now the great nobles of Britain are very glad to 
turn an honest penny by traffic, instead of taking 

it by force from their neighbors. 

• 

“ Lord Stafford mines for coal and salt; 

The Duke of Norfolk deals in malt; 

The Douglas, in red herrings.” 

One son of the Duke of Argyle marries the 
queens daughter; and the other comes to New 
York, and goes into a trading-establishment. In 
this country, more especially, the useful arts have 
no right to complain of their want of fair recog¬ 
nition. If we do not absolutely forbid idleness, 
our rich men and women who live for amusement 
only are very apt to find themselves uncomfortable 
until they can get out of a country where there 
are bounties granted to fishermen, and nothing 
but taxes for gentlemen of leisure. 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


3° 


The movement of civilization is a perpetual 
struggle between the arts of destruction on the 
one hand, and those of construction and conser¬ 
vation on the other. All that the earth teaches 
us of man in the earlier periods of his ascer¬ 
tained existence shows him to have been a fight¬ 
ing cannibal, who cracked the bones of his de¬ 
ceased relatives, to get their marrow, with the 
same pious satisfaction his descendant shows in 
breaking the seal of a last will and testament 
The best man among savages is the one who 
swings the heaviest club, and has eaten the largest 
number of his enemies, or who carries most scalps 
at his girdle. It is somewhat better in our day ; 
but the ideal state of society is not yet made quite 
real. The fighting man is still the one most hon¬ 
ored by the world. Even the phraseology of our 
religion, which points to the Lord of hosts and 
the Captain of our salvation, shows us how deep¬ 
ly-rooted is that feeling of the supreme excellence 
of a military title, which we inherit from the man- 
eating troglodytes. 

But the modern movement, in its truest 
form, insists that mutual destruction is not the 
chief end of man. Even the fighting Romans 
had got so far as to decree that the oak-leaf gar¬ 
land, ob cives servatos , should take precedence 
of the conquerors laurel. And Christian civiliza- 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


31 

tion is ready to acknowledge, to-day, that the only 
really noble warfare is that against the evils which 
beset the race. Men must be slain for a long 
time, always perhaps, in the greater conflicts of 
right and wrong ; but humanity confesses, that, 
apart from the righteous end to be attained, a 
bloody victory is only a less calamity than a bloody 
defeat. 

The arts of peace are gaining in consideration 
over the arts of war, slowly, we must own, but 
steadily. And, if any one of these arts of peace 
should have appeared entitled to the highest con¬ 
sideration of a civilized people, it would seem to 
be that which professes to relieve suffering, and 
prolong life. So it would have been if medicine 
could have done all that was asked of it. The 
physician would have been held only second to 
the Deity, had he not too frequently disappointed 
the expectations of those who were ready to wor¬ 
ship him. This always was and always will be. 
The children of Israel complained that they had 
to make bricks without straw : the physician has 
to make bricks without clay. Many of the pa¬ 
tients that come to him had never any physio¬ 
logical right to live at all. They are not much 
nearer to the true human pattern than that 
same starved Justice Shallow, who was like a 
man made after supper of a cheese-paring; when 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


he was naked, for all the world like a forked 
radish. And they come complaining that they 
are not in condition to run ten miles within 
the hour, or fight the champion of the heavy 
weights for the prize belt. It has taken a dozen 
sickly generations to breed them down to con¬ 
stitutional invalidism, and they want a pill or 
a powder to set them all right again. Or they 
come to the physician at fifty or sixty, wrecks of 
fine constitutions, got up originally without regard 
to expense, but burned out with strong drink, and 
browned to the marrow with narcotics and ni- 
cotics, and want back the virginity of their sodden 
and corrugated tissues. Or, it may be, some des¬ 
perate and violent malady has stabbed them to the 
death ; and, because no one has seen a hand with a 
poniard in it, the patients or their friends think 
that some drop or potion will undo the mortal 
effect of the invisible dagger-stroke. 

These inevitable disappointments have kept the 
medical profession from receiving that degree of 
confidence and of honor to which its noble func¬ 
tion seemed to entitle it. It does its best; but 
that is not enough for the eager demand of men 
for health, and length of days. Hence the great 
number of pretenders and pretentious systems 
which profess to be able to meet this want. Men, 
and, still more, women, wish to be deceived; and 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 




00 


it becomes a lucrative trade to promise cures, as 
it was to promise gold in the days of the al¬ 
chemists. 

“ Spondent quas non exhibent divitias, pauperes alchimistae.” 

In spite of all the obstacles which meet those 
who give their lives to the pursuit of knowledge, 
without regard to the prejudices it disturbs, sci¬ 
ence was never honored as it is in our time; and 
the science of life was never studied as at the 
present day, — never with such an apparatus of 
research, never with such concentration of talent 
on special investigations, never with such hope of 
resolving the most difficult problems within the 
reach of human faculties. Considered merely as 
a study, medicine is a great and profoundly 
interesting branch of science ; but having regard 
to the interests it deals with, — life and death, 
well-being and misery, the conditions of mind 
and body, the happiness or wretchedness of 
whole communities, — we can hardly wonder, 
that, in early ages, a divine origin was assigned to 
it, and that he who is called the Lord of hosts 
is also spoken of by the nobler title of the Healer 
of the land and of the people. 

Your profession, young gentlemen, is now an 
accepted province of this great and beneficent 
calling;. It has shared the effects of that onward 

O 


34 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


movement which has asserted for the arts of 
peace the dignified position to which they are 
entitled. You are bound, in your turn, to reflect 
honor on the institution which has invested you 
with authority to go forth as its representatives in 
the domain of your special duties. The diploma 
you have received is a certificate of your fitness 
for these duties; but it implies a promise that you 
will try to do credit to those who stand sponsors 
for you as you are christened with your new title. 
Harvard University is doing all it can do to 
recognize the value of your profession to the 
community; and it does this at the time when 
it is making the most strenuous efforts to place 
medical education on a basis worthy of a branch 
of knowledge so complex, so vast, so all impor¬ 
tant to mankind. That open volume with Veri¬ 
tas inscribed upon it should be, and it is, carried 
at the figure-head of the argosy of our Amer¬ 
ican intellectual progress. Our university always 
was, and must be, a leader in educational move¬ 
ments. She is waiting for those to follow that 
dare, to pass her that can; and, if any drop astern, 
she must wave them a courteous salute, and leave 
them. 

And now, gentlemen, we bid you God-speed as 
you go from these halls to exercise the talents 
which have been here trained, and apply the 


THE CLAIMS OF DENTISTRY. 


00 

knowledge which has been here imparted to you. 
May you find the public ready to appreciate and 
reward your skill; and so acquit yourselves, that 
the ear which hears you shall bless you ; and the 
eye that sees you bear witness to you; that the 
smiles of innumerable friends may reveal to you 
the perfection of your own handiwork; and your 
praise be in all the mouths of a grateful com¬ 
munity! 








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